Routine Exercise to Improve Immunity in Hypertensive Patients During COVID 19 Pandemic.
Abstract
Hipertensi merupakan salah satu komorbid yang paling banyak ditemukan pada Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) dan berasosiasi dengan prognostik buruk dari infeksi tersebut. Olahraga rutin ternyata dapat meningkatkan imunitas tubuh, sehingga dapat berperan dalam pencegahan infeksi COVID-19 selain efeknya terhadap penurunan tekanan darah. Olahraga tipe aerobik dengan intensitas sedang 30-60 menit, dengan cara tetap melakukan pembatasan jarak, ataupun dengan teknik home exercise dan virtual dengan daring, dapat dilakukan oleh penderita hipertensi dalam meningkatkan imunitas selama masa pandemi COVID-19.
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References
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2. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Laporan nasional: Riskesdas 2018. Jakarta: Sekretariat Badan Litbang Kesehatan;2018
3. Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(4).
4. World Health Organization. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: World Health Organization;2009.
5. Hongkong department of health. Exercise Prescription Doctor’s handbook. Hongkong: Department of Health;2012.
6. Roux L, Pratt M, Tengs TO, Yore MM, Yanagawa TL, Van Den Bos J, et al. Cost effectiveness of community-based physical activity interventions. Am J Prev Med 2008;35(6):578-88.
7. Worldometer. COVID-19 Coronavirus pandemic. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/?utm_campaign=homeAdUOA?Si#countries. 2020.
8. Singh AK, Gupta R, Misra A. Comorbidities in COVID-19: Outcomes in hypertensive cohort and controversies with renin angiotensin system blockers. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020;14(4):283–7.
9. Zuin M, et al. Arterial hypertension and risk of death in patients with COVID-19 infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Infection. 2020. J Infect. 2020 Apr 11. pii:S0163-4453(20)30189-4.
10. Yang J, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities in the Novel Wuhan Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of infectious diseases. 2020;94:91-5.
11. Lippi G, Wong J, Henry BM. Hypertension and its severity or mortality in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pooled analysis. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2020.
12. HFSA/ACC/AHA statement addresses concerns re: using RAAS antagonists in COVID-19. 2020 [cited 22 April 2020]. Available from:https://professional.heart.org/professional/ScienceNews/UCM_505836_HFSAACCAHAstatement-addresses-concerns-re-using-RAAS-antagonists-in-COVID-19.jsp 6.
13. Kokkinos P. Cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise, and blood pressure. Hypertension. 2014;64:1160-4.
14. Williams B, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. European Heart Journal.2018;39:3021–104.
15. Lukito AA, Harmeiwaty E, Hustrini NM, editors. Konsensus penatalaksanaan hipertensi 2019. Jakarta: Perhimpunan Dokter Hipertensi Indonesia; 2019.
16. Cornelissen VA, Smart NA. Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2013;2:e004473.
17. Kokkinos P, Manolis A, Pittaras A, Doumas, et al. Exercise capacity and mortality in hypertensive men with and without additional risk factors. Hypertension. 2009;53(3):494–9.
18. Iván C, José S, Juan T, Manuel CJ. Exercise for hypertension. Fitness Medicine.2016.
19. Roy J. Shephard MD, PhD, DPE, Pang N. Shek PhD & Nicholas A. DiNubile MD. Exercise, Immunity, and Susceptibility to Infection. The Physician and Sportsmedicine.1999;27(6):47-71.
20. Davis JM, et al. Exercise, alveolar macrophage function, and susceptibility to respiratory infection. J Appl Physiol 1997;83(5):1461-6.
21. Nieman DC, Wents LM. The compeling link between physical activity and body’s defense system. Journal of sport and health science.2019;8:201-17.
22. Nieman DC, Johanssen LM, Lee JW. Infectious episodes in runners before and after the Los Angeles Marathon. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1990;30:316-28.
23. Konig D, Grathwohl D, Weinstock C, Northoff H, Berg A. Upper respiratory tract infection in athletes: influences of lifestyle, type of sport, training effort, and immunostimulant intake. Exerc Immunol rev 2006; 6:102-20.
24. Hoffman MD, Krishnan E. Health and exercise-related medical issues among 1,212 ultramarathon runners: baseline findings from the Ultrarunners Longitudinal TRAcking (ULTRA) study. PLoS One 2014; 9(1):e83867.
25. Hoffman MD, Fogard K. Demographic characteristics of 161-km ultramarathon runners. Res Sports Med 2012;20(1):59–69.
26. Malm C. Susceptibility to infections in elite athletes: the S-curve. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006;16(1):4–6.
27. Campbell JP, Turner JE. Debunking the myth of exercise-induced immune suppression: Redefining the impact of exercise on immunological health across the lifespan. Front. Immunol. 2018;9:648.
28. Nieman DC. Is infection risk oinked to exercise workload? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(Suppl 7):S406-11.
29. Halabchi F, Ahmadinejad Z, Selk-Ghaffari M. COVID-19 epidemic: exercise or not to exercise; That’s the question! Asian J Sports Med. 2020;11(1):e102630.
30. Blocken B, Malizia F, van Druenen T, Marchal T. Towards aerodynamically equivalent COVID19 1.5 m social distancing for walking and running. [Preprint] 2020.
31. Zhu W. Should, and how can, exercise be done during a coronavirus outbreak? An interview with Dr. Jeffrey A. Woods. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2020;9:105-7.
Published
2020-06-30
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How to Cite
Tiksnadi, B., Sylviana, N., Cahyadi, A., & Undarsa, A. (2020). Routine Exercise to Improve Immunity in Hypertensive Patients During COVID 19 Pandemic. Indonesian Journal of Cardiology, 41(2), 113-9. https://doi.org/10.30701/ijc.1016
Section
Review Article
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