Patogenesis dan Terapi Sindroma Metabolik
Abstract
Arus globalisasi tidak hanya membawa dampak positif di segala bidang seperti informasi dan teknologi, namun sangat berpengaruh pada pola hidup terutama pola aktivitas dan makan. Produk dari teknologi dan informasi sebagian telah terbukti bermanfaat untuk mempermudah manusia (tidak banyak keluar tenaga), seperti mobil dan sarana transportasi lainnya, eleva-tor/lift, remote kontrol, traktor dan teknologi pertanian lainnya. Namun disisi lain, kemudahan-kemudahan tersebut mengakibatkan pola hidup sed-entary. Disamping itu, makanan tinggi kalori dan cepat saji kini mudah didapat di setiap tempat, amat membantu disela kegiatan rutin yang padat. Dengan demikian terciptalah asupan kalori yang tinggi dengan pemakaian energi yang rendah, lalu sisanya tersimpan dalam bentuk lemak. Sehingga mudah dipahami bahwa, saat ini sudah terjadi epidemi global overweight dan obesitas.Downloads
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References
Stein CJ, Colditz GA. The epidemic of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2522-2525
DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance: a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabe-tes Care 1991; 14: 173-194.
Haffner S, Taegtmeyer H. Epidemic obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Circulation 2003; 108: 1541-1545.
Deedwania PC. Metabolic syndrome and vascular disease: is nature or nurture leading the new epidemic of cardiovasculer doisease?. Circulation 2004: 109; 2-4.
Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in adults. Executif summary of the third re-port of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection of detection, evaluation and treatment of high cholesterol in aduls (adult treatment panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486-2497.
Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classifica-tion of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998; 15: 539-553.
Ford ES. Risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, dia-betes associated with the metabolic syndrome. A summary of evidence. Diabetes Care 2005: 28; 1769-1778.
DE Backer G, Ambrossioni E, Borch-Johsen K, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical prac-tice. Third joint task force of European and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 1601-1610.
Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults; finding from the third National Healt and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002; 287:356-359.
Hu G, Qiao Q, Tuomilehto J, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its relation to all cause and cardiovascular mor-tality in nondiabetic European men and women. Arch Intern Med 2004: 164; 1066-1076.
Meigs JB, Wilson PWF, Nathan DM, et al. Prevalence and char-acteristics of metabolic syndrome in the San Antonio Heart and Framingham Offspring Studies. Diabetes 2003; 52: 2160-2167.
Dunstan DW, Zimmet PZ, Welborn TA, et al. The rising preva-lence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. The Austra-lian diabetes, obesity and lifestyle study. Diabetes Care 2002: 25; 829-834.
Oh JY, Hong YS, Sung YA, et al. Prevalence and factor analysis of metabolic syndrome in an urban Korean population. Diabe-tes Care 2004: 27: 2027-2032.
Budhiarta AAG, Aryana IGP, Saraswati MR, et al. Sindrom metabolik di Bali. Naskah lengkap Surabaya Metabolic Syn-drome Update-1. 2005; 139-147.
Suyono S, Kamso S, Oemardi M. Metabolic syndrome in the elderly should it be treated ? Naskah lengkap Surabaya Meta-bolic Syndrome Update-1. 2005; 9-20.
Alberti G. Introduction to the Metabolic Syndrome. Eur Herat J 2005; 7:D3-D5.
Williams G, Pickup JC. Handbook of diabetes 2nd. Backwell science 1999;8:53-158.
Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2548-2556.
Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S, et al. Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86: 1930-1935.
Manrique C, Lastra G, Whaley-Connell A, et al. Hypertension and the metabolic syndrome. The Clin Hypertension 2005: 7; 471-477.
DeFronzo RA, Goldberg M, Agus A. The effects of glucose and insulin on renal electrolyte transport.J Clin Invest 1976; 58: 83-90.
Sowers JR. Hypertension, angiotensin and oxidative stress. N Eng J Med 2002: 346; 1999-2001.
Reaven GM, Lithell H, Landsberg L. Hypertension and the sympatho adrenal system. N Engl J Med 1996: 334; 374-381.
Ferrannini E, Natali A, Capaldo B, et al. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and blood pressure: role of age and obesity. European Group dor Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Hypertension 1997: 30; 1144-1149.
Schillaci G, Pirro M, Vaudo G, et al. Metabolic syndrome is associated with aortic stiffness in untreated essential hyperten-sion. Hypertension 2005; 45: 1078-1082.
Adiels M, Olofsson SO, Taskinen MR, et al. Diabetic dyslipidemia. Curr Opinion in Lipid. 2006; 17: 238-246.
Olsson AG, Schwartz GG, Szarek M, et al. High density lipo-protein, but not low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in-fluence short term prognosis after acute coronary syndrome:
results from the MIRACL trial. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 890-896.
Gundy SM. Inflammation, hypertension, and the metabolic syndrome. JAMA 2003; 290: 3000-3002.
Nakamura M., Lee DP., Yeung AC. Indentification and Treat-ment of Vulnerable Plaque. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medi-cine 2004; 5(2): 22-33.
Standl E. Aetilogy and consequences of the metabolic syndrome. Eur Heart J 2005; Suppl 7; D10-D13.
Mule G, Nardi E, Cottone S et al. Influence of metabolic syn-drome on hypertension related target organ damage. J Intern Med 2005: 257; 503-513.
Mule G, Cottone S, Mongiovi R et al. Influence of the meta-bolic syndrome on aortic stiffness in never treated hypertensive patients. Nutr, Metab cardiovasc dis 2006: 16; 54-59.
Scuteri A, Najjar SS, Muller DC, et al. Metabolic syndrome amplifies the age related increase in vascular thickness and stiff-ness. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004: 43; 1388-1395.
Cuspidi C, Meani S, Fusi V, et al. Metabolic syndrome and target organ damage in untreated essential hypertensives. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 1991-1998.
Wong TY, Duncan BB, Golden SH, et al. Association between the metabolic syndrome and retinal microvascular sign: the ath-erosclerosis reisk in communities study. Invest Ophtalmol Vis Sci 2004: 45; 2949-2954.
Ingelsson D. Metabolic syndrome significantly boosts risk of heart failure in middle age. BMJ 2006; 10;1136-1140.
Lidstrom J, Loueranta A, Mannelin M. et al. the finnish diabe-tes prevention study (DPS): Lifestyle intervention and 3 year result on diat and physical activity. Diabetes: Care 2003; 26: 3230-3236.
Tuomeilehto J, Lindstrom J, Erickson JG. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by cahnges in lifestyle amongs subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Eng J Med 2001; 344: 1343-1350.
PERKENI. Petunjuk praktis pengelolaan diabetes melitus tipe 2. 2003; 22-23.
Knowler WC, Barret-Connor E, Fowle SE, et al. Diabetes Pre-vention Program Research group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Eng J Med 2002; 346: 393-403.
Pi Sunyer FX. Pathophysiology and long term management of the metabolic syndrome. Obes Res 2004; 12:174S-180S.
Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E at al. A clinical trial of the effect of dietary pattern on blood pressure. DASH colaborative reasearch group. N Eng J Med 1997; 336: 117-1124.
Sacks FM, Obarzanek E, Wndhausetr MM et al. Rationale and design of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH): a multisentrel controlled-feeding study of dietary pattern to loewr blood pressure. Ann Epidmiol 1995: 5; 108-118.
Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Esmaillzadeth A, et al. Beneficial effect of a dietary approaches to stop hypertension eating paln on feature of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2005: 28; 2823-2831.
Grundy SM. The optimal ratio of fat to carbohydrate in the diet Ann Rev Nutr 199; 19: 325-341.
Perkumpulan endokrin Indonesia. Konsensus pengelolaan dan pencegahan diabetes tipe2 di Indonesia 2006. PB PERKENI 2006: 14-19.
UKPDS group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complication in type 2 diabe-tes mellitus (UKPDS 38) BMJ: 317; 703-713.
Ginberg HN Treatment for patients with the metabolic syn-drome. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 29E-39E.
Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber MA, et al. For the VALUE trial group. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascu-lar risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipin: the VALUE randomized trial. Lancet 2004: 363; 2049-2051.
Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al. For thr CHARM In-vestigators and Committees. Effect of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejec-tion fraction: the CHARM-preserved Trial. Alncet 2003; 362; 777-781.
Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjedsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervension Foer Endpoint reduction in hypertensive study (LIFE): a random-ized trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002: 359; 995-1003.
The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study investiga-tors. Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high risk patients. N Eng J Med 2000; 342: 145-153
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Chusmann WC, et al. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detec-tion, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. JAMA 2003; 289:2560-2572.
Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F, et al. Adverse prognostic significance of new diabetes in treated hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 2004: 43; 963-969.
Sendon JL, Swedberg K, Mcmurray J, et al for task force on beta blokers of ESC. Expert consencus document on b adren-ergic receptor blockers. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 1341-1362.
Bakris GL, Fonseca V, Katholi RE, et al. For the GEMINI in-vestigators Metabolic effect of carvedilol vs metoprolol in pa-tients with type2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: A ran-domized controlled trial. JAMA 2004: 292; 2227-2236.
Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease’ the scandanavian simvastatin survival study. Lancet 1994; 344: 1383-1389.
Kimura M, Liao JK., Russell J. Et al. Effect of fluvastatin on leukocytes-endothelial cell adhesion in hypercholesterolemic rats. Aterioscler Tromb Vasc Biol. A997; 171: 1521-1526.
William JK., Sukhova GK., Herrington DM., et al. Pravastatin has cholesterol-lowering independent effects on the artery wall of atherosclerotic monkeys. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:684-691.
Bellosta S, Via D., Canasevi M. et al., HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce MMP-9 secretion by macrohages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18:1671-1678.
Laufs U., La Fata V., Plutzky J. et al. Upregulation of endothe-lial nitric oxide synthase by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation.1998;97:1129-1135.
Essig M., Nguyen G., Prie D., et al. 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutarylcoenzyme A reductzse inhibitors increase fibrinolytic acivity in rat aortic endothelial cells. Role of geranylgeranyllation and rho protein. Circ res. 1998;83:683-690.
Lopez S, Peiretti F., Bonardo B. Et al. Effect of atorvastatin and fluvastatin on the expression of plasminogen activator inhibi-tor type-1 in cultured human endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 2000; 152:359-366.
Mussoni L., Banfi C., Sironi L. et al. Fluvastatin inhibits basal and stimulated plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, but induces tissue type plaminogen activator in cultured human endothe-lial cells. Thromb Haem. 2000; 84: 59-64.
Rosenson R., Tagney C., Antiatherothrombotic properties of statins. Implication for cardiovascular event reduction. JAMA 1998; 279: 1643-1650.
Hernandez-Perera O., Perez-Sala D., Soria E., et al. Involve-ment of rho GTPases in the transcriptional inhibition of preproendothelin-1 gene expression by simvastatin in vascular endothelial cells. Circ Res 2000; 87: 616-622.
Bernot D., Benoliel A., Peiretti F. Et al. Effect of atorvastatin on adhesion adhesion phenotype of human endthelial cells ac-tivated by tumor necrosis factor alpha. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2003; 41: 316-324.
Dichtl W., Dulak J., Frick M., et al. HMG CoA reductase in-hibitors regulate inflammatory transcription factors in human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Tromb Vasc Biol. 2003; 23: 58-63.
Takemoto M., Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase inhibitor. Arterioscle Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21: 1712-1719.
Opie LH. Drugs for the heart fifth edition. WB saunders. 2001;332-339.
DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance: a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabe-tes Care 1991; 14: 173-194.
Haffner S, Taegtmeyer H. Epidemic obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Circulation 2003; 108: 1541-1545.
Deedwania PC. Metabolic syndrome and vascular disease: is nature or nurture leading the new epidemic of cardiovasculer doisease?. Circulation 2004: 109; 2-4.
Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in adults. Executif summary of the third re-port of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection of detection, evaluation and treatment of high cholesterol in aduls (adult treatment panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486-2497.
Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classifica-tion of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998; 15: 539-553.
Ford ES. Risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, dia-betes associated with the metabolic syndrome. A summary of evidence. Diabetes Care 2005: 28; 1769-1778.
DE Backer G, Ambrossioni E, Borch-Johsen K, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical prac-tice. Third joint task force of European and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 1601-1610.
Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults; finding from the third National Healt and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002; 287:356-359.
Hu G, Qiao Q, Tuomilehto J, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its relation to all cause and cardiovascular mor-tality in nondiabetic European men and women. Arch Intern Med 2004: 164; 1066-1076.
Meigs JB, Wilson PWF, Nathan DM, et al. Prevalence and char-acteristics of metabolic syndrome in the San Antonio Heart and Framingham Offspring Studies. Diabetes 2003; 52: 2160-2167.
Dunstan DW, Zimmet PZ, Welborn TA, et al. The rising preva-lence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. The Austra-lian diabetes, obesity and lifestyle study. Diabetes Care 2002: 25; 829-834.
Oh JY, Hong YS, Sung YA, et al. Prevalence and factor analysis of metabolic syndrome in an urban Korean population. Diabe-tes Care 2004: 27: 2027-2032.
Budhiarta AAG, Aryana IGP, Saraswati MR, et al. Sindrom metabolik di Bali. Naskah lengkap Surabaya Metabolic Syn-drome Update-1. 2005; 139-147.
Suyono S, Kamso S, Oemardi M. Metabolic syndrome in the elderly should it be treated ? Naskah lengkap Surabaya Meta-bolic Syndrome Update-1. 2005; 9-20.
Alberti G. Introduction to the Metabolic Syndrome. Eur Herat J 2005; 7:D3-D5.
Williams G, Pickup JC. Handbook of diabetes 2nd. Backwell science 1999;8:53-158.
Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2548-2556.
Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S, et al. Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86: 1930-1935.
Manrique C, Lastra G, Whaley-Connell A, et al. Hypertension and the metabolic syndrome. The Clin Hypertension 2005: 7; 471-477.
DeFronzo RA, Goldberg M, Agus A. The effects of glucose and insulin on renal electrolyte transport.J Clin Invest 1976; 58: 83-90.
Sowers JR. Hypertension, angiotensin and oxidative stress. N Eng J Med 2002: 346; 1999-2001.
Reaven GM, Lithell H, Landsberg L. Hypertension and the sympatho adrenal system. N Engl J Med 1996: 334; 374-381.
Ferrannini E, Natali A, Capaldo B, et al. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and blood pressure: role of age and obesity. European Group dor Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Hypertension 1997: 30; 1144-1149.
Schillaci G, Pirro M, Vaudo G, et al. Metabolic syndrome is associated with aortic stiffness in untreated essential hyperten-sion. Hypertension 2005; 45: 1078-1082.
Adiels M, Olofsson SO, Taskinen MR, et al. Diabetic dyslipidemia. Curr Opinion in Lipid. 2006; 17: 238-246.
Olsson AG, Schwartz GG, Szarek M, et al. High density lipo-protein, but not low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in-fluence short term prognosis after acute coronary syndrome:
results from the MIRACL trial. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 890-896.
Gundy SM. Inflammation, hypertension, and the metabolic syndrome. JAMA 2003; 290: 3000-3002.
Nakamura M., Lee DP., Yeung AC. Indentification and Treat-ment of Vulnerable Plaque. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medi-cine 2004; 5(2): 22-33.
Standl E. Aetilogy and consequences of the metabolic syndrome. Eur Heart J 2005; Suppl 7; D10-D13.
Mule G, Nardi E, Cottone S et al. Influence of metabolic syn-drome on hypertension related target organ damage. J Intern Med 2005: 257; 503-513.
Mule G, Cottone S, Mongiovi R et al. Influence of the meta-bolic syndrome on aortic stiffness in never treated hypertensive patients. Nutr, Metab cardiovasc dis 2006: 16; 54-59.
Scuteri A, Najjar SS, Muller DC, et al. Metabolic syndrome amplifies the age related increase in vascular thickness and stiff-ness. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004: 43; 1388-1395.
Cuspidi C, Meani S, Fusi V, et al. Metabolic syndrome and target organ damage in untreated essential hypertensives. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 1991-1998.
Wong TY, Duncan BB, Golden SH, et al. Association between the metabolic syndrome and retinal microvascular sign: the ath-erosclerosis reisk in communities study. Invest Ophtalmol Vis Sci 2004: 45; 2949-2954.
Ingelsson D. Metabolic syndrome significantly boosts risk of heart failure in middle age. BMJ 2006; 10;1136-1140.
Lidstrom J, Loueranta A, Mannelin M. et al. the finnish diabe-tes prevention study (DPS): Lifestyle intervention and 3 year result on diat and physical activity. Diabetes: Care 2003; 26: 3230-3236.
Tuomeilehto J, Lindstrom J, Erickson JG. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by cahnges in lifestyle amongs subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Eng J Med 2001; 344: 1343-1350.
PERKENI. Petunjuk praktis pengelolaan diabetes melitus tipe 2. 2003; 22-23.
Knowler WC, Barret-Connor E, Fowle SE, et al. Diabetes Pre-vention Program Research group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Eng J Med 2002; 346: 393-403.
Pi Sunyer FX. Pathophysiology and long term management of the metabolic syndrome. Obes Res 2004; 12:174S-180S.
Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E at al. A clinical trial of the effect of dietary pattern on blood pressure. DASH colaborative reasearch group. N Eng J Med 1997; 336: 117-1124.
Sacks FM, Obarzanek E, Wndhausetr MM et al. Rationale and design of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH): a multisentrel controlled-feeding study of dietary pattern to loewr blood pressure. Ann Epidmiol 1995: 5; 108-118.
Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Esmaillzadeth A, et al. Beneficial effect of a dietary approaches to stop hypertension eating paln on feature of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2005: 28; 2823-2831.
Grundy SM. The optimal ratio of fat to carbohydrate in the diet Ann Rev Nutr 199; 19: 325-341.
Perkumpulan endokrin Indonesia. Konsensus pengelolaan dan pencegahan diabetes tipe2 di Indonesia 2006. PB PERKENI 2006: 14-19.
UKPDS group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complication in type 2 diabe-tes mellitus (UKPDS 38) BMJ: 317; 703-713.
Ginberg HN Treatment for patients with the metabolic syn-drome. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 29E-39E.
Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber MA, et al. For the VALUE trial group. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascu-lar risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipin: the VALUE randomized trial. Lancet 2004: 363; 2049-2051.
Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al. For thr CHARM In-vestigators and Committees. Effect of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejec-tion fraction: the CHARM-preserved Trial. Alncet 2003; 362; 777-781.
Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjedsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervension Foer Endpoint reduction in hypertensive study (LIFE): a random-ized trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002: 359; 995-1003.
The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study investiga-tors. Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high risk patients. N Eng J Med 2000; 342: 145-153
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Chusmann WC, et al. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detec-tion, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. JAMA 2003; 289:2560-2572.
Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F, et al. Adverse prognostic significance of new diabetes in treated hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 2004: 43; 963-969.
Sendon JL, Swedberg K, Mcmurray J, et al for task force on beta blokers of ESC. Expert consencus document on b adren-ergic receptor blockers. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 1341-1362.
Bakris GL, Fonseca V, Katholi RE, et al. For the GEMINI in-vestigators Metabolic effect of carvedilol vs metoprolol in pa-tients with type2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: A ran-domized controlled trial. JAMA 2004: 292; 2227-2236.
Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease’ the scandanavian simvastatin survival study. Lancet 1994; 344: 1383-1389.
Kimura M, Liao JK., Russell J. Et al. Effect of fluvastatin on leukocytes-endothelial cell adhesion in hypercholesterolemic rats. Aterioscler Tromb Vasc Biol. A997; 171: 1521-1526.
William JK., Sukhova GK., Herrington DM., et al. Pravastatin has cholesterol-lowering independent effects on the artery wall of atherosclerotic monkeys. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:684-691.
Bellosta S, Via D., Canasevi M. et al., HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce MMP-9 secretion by macrohages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18:1671-1678.
Laufs U., La Fata V., Plutzky J. et al. Upregulation of endothe-lial nitric oxide synthase by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation.1998;97:1129-1135.
Essig M., Nguyen G., Prie D., et al. 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutarylcoenzyme A reductzse inhibitors increase fibrinolytic acivity in rat aortic endothelial cells. Role of geranylgeranyllation and rho protein. Circ res. 1998;83:683-690.
Lopez S, Peiretti F., Bonardo B. Et al. Effect of atorvastatin and fluvastatin on the expression of plasminogen activator inhibi-tor type-1 in cultured human endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 2000; 152:359-366.
Mussoni L., Banfi C., Sironi L. et al. Fluvastatin inhibits basal and stimulated plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, but induces tissue type plaminogen activator in cultured human endothe-lial cells. Thromb Haem. 2000; 84: 59-64.
Rosenson R., Tagney C., Antiatherothrombotic properties of statins. Implication for cardiovascular event reduction. JAMA 1998; 279: 1643-1650.
Hernandez-Perera O., Perez-Sala D., Soria E., et al. Involve-ment of rho GTPases in the transcriptional inhibition of preproendothelin-1 gene expression by simvastatin in vascular endothelial cells. Circ Res 2000; 87: 616-622.
Bernot D., Benoliel A., Peiretti F. Et al. Effect of atorvastatin on adhesion adhesion phenotype of human endthelial cells ac-tivated by tumor necrosis factor alpha. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2003; 41: 316-324.
Dichtl W., Dulak J., Frick M., et al. HMG CoA reductase in-hibitors regulate inflammatory transcription factors in human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Tromb Vasc Biol. 2003; 23: 58-63.
Takemoto M., Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase inhibitor. Arterioscle Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21: 1712-1719.
Opie LH. Drugs for the heart fifth edition. WB saunders. 2001;332-339.
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How to Cite
Rohman, M. (1). Patogenesis dan Terapi Sindroma Metabolik. Indonesian Journal of Cardiology, 28(2), 160-168. https://doi.org/10.30701/ijc.v28i2.261
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