Influence of Gender and Cardiovascular Manifestation on COVID 19
Keywords:
Gender, cardiovascular manifestation, myocardial injury, COVID-19.
Abstract
Cardiovascular manifestations, in the form of myocardial injury, can occur in patients infected with COVID-19. Data collected from various COVID-19 pandemic case reports indicated that male patients experience myocardial injury more frequently than females. However, not any definitive mechanism has been found yet that underlies susceptibility to myocardial injury due to infection with SARS-CoV-2 attributable to gender differences. Some theories propose are differences in the number of X chromosomes, the influence of sex hormones, and differences in immune reactions between males and females. A further comprehensive research needs to be done on the mechanism of cardiovascular manifestations and the effect of gender on COVID-19 disease.
Keywords: Gender, cardiovascular manifestation, myocardial injury, COVID-19.
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References
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2. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 2020;395:507–513.
3. Badawi A, Ryoo SG. Prevalence of comorbidities in the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2016;49:129–133.
4. Channappanavar R, Fett C, Mack M, Eyck PPT, Meyerholz DK, Perlman S. Sex-based differences in susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection. J Immunol. 2017;198:4046–4053.
5. Zheng Y-Y, Ma Y-T, Zhang J-Y, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2020.
6. Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2020. Located at: International Journal of Infectious Diseases.
7. QingDeng, BoHu, YaoZhang, et al. Suspected myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19: Evidence from front-line clinical observation in Wuhan, China. 2020. Located at: International Journal of Cardiology.
8. Fried JA, Ramasubbu K, Bhatt R, et al. The variety of cardiovascular presentations of COVID-19. 2020, Circulation.
9. Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of 21 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Washington State. JAMA. 2020:E1-E3.
10. Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020.
11. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497–506.
12. Bhatraju PK, Ghassemieh BJ, Nichols M, et al. Covid-19 in critically ill patients in the Seattle Region — Case Series. N Engl J Med. 2020.
13. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel Coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020.
14. Akhmerov A, Marbán E. COVID-19 and the Heart. 2020:1-18. Located at: Circulation Research.
15. Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Jiang C, et al. SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS. Eur J Clin Invest 2009;39(7):618–625.
16. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:727-733.
17. Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, et al. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;63(3):457–460.
18. Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Lia F. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J Virol 2020;94:e00127-00120.
19. South AM, Diz DI, Chappell MC. COVID-19, ACE2, and the cardiovascular consequences. 2020, Am J Physiol Heart Circ
20. Turner AJ, Hiscox JA, Hooper NM. ACE2: from vasopeptidase to SARS virus receptor. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. . 2004;25:291–294.
21. Chappell MC, Marshall AC, Alzayadneh EM, Shaltout HA, Diz DI. Update on the angiotensin converting enzyme 2-angiotensin (1–7)-Mas receptor axis: fetal programing, sex differences, and intracellular pathways. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2014;4:1-13.
22. Zeng J-H, Liu Y-X, Yuan J, et al. First case of COVID-19 complicated with fulminant myocarditis: a case report and insights 2020, preprints.org.
23. Aretz HT. Myocarditis: The Dallas criteria. Hum Pathol. 1987;18:619-624.
24. Gabriel Fung HL, Ye Qiu, Decheng Yang, Bruce McManus. Myocarditis. Circ Res. 2016;118:496-514.
25. Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Jiang C, et al. SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009;39:618-625.
26. Liu S, Zhang M, Yang L, et al. Prevalence and patterns of tobacco smoking among Chinese adult men and women: findings of the 2010 national smoking survey. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2017;71:154–161.
27. Klein SL, Flanagan KL. Sex differences in immune responses. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2016;16:626–638.
28. Sudiono J. Sistem Kekebalan Tubuh: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran ECG; 2014.
29. Schurz H, Salie M, Tromp G, Hoal EG, Kinnear CJ, Möller M. The X chromosome and sex-specific effects in infectious disease susceptibility. Human Genomics. 2019;13(2):1-12.
30. Bianchi I, Lleo A, Gershwin ME, Invernizzi P. The X chromosome and immune associated genes. J Autoimmun. 2012;38(2–3):J187–192.
31. Kleina SL, Marriott I, Fish EN. Sex-based differences in immune function and responses to vaccination. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015;109:9–15.
32. Nhamoyebonde S, Leslie A. Biological differences between the sexes and susceptibility to tuberculosis. J Infect Dis. 2014;209:S100–106.
33. Fish EN. The X-files in immunity: sex-based differences predispose immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8(9):737–744.
34. Cutolo M, Capellino S, Sulli A, et al. Estrogens and autoimmune diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1089:538–547.
35. Schurz H, Salie M, Tromp G, Hoal EG, Kinnear CJ, Möller M. The X chromosome and sex-specific effects in infectious disease susceptibility. Human Genomics 2019;13:2:1-12.
36. Steeg LGv, Klein SL. SeXX Matters in Infectious Disease Pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog. 2016;12(2):e1005374.
37. Fischer J, Jung N, Robinson N, Lehmann C. Sex differences in immune responses to infectious diseases. Infection. 2015;43:399–403
38. Conti P, Younes A. Coronavirus COV-19/SARS-CoV-2 affects women less than men: clinical response to viral infection. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020;34(2).
39. Zhang Z-Z, Wang W, Jin H-Y, et al. Apelin is a negative regulator of angiotensin II–mediated adverse myocardial remodeling and dysfunction. Hypertension. 2017;70:1165-1175.
40. Zhong J, Basu R, Guo D, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 suppresses pathological hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, and cardiac dysfunction. Circulation. 2010;122:717-728.
41. Patel SK, Velkoska E, Burrell LM. Emerging markers in cardiovascular disease: where does angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 fit in? . Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2013;40(8):551–559.
42. Zhou X, Zhang P, Liang T, Chen Y, Liu D, Yu H. Relationship between circulating levels of angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2‑angiotensin‑(1–7)‑MAS axis and coronary heart disease. Heart and Vessels. 2020;35:153–161.
43. Barker H, Parkkila S. Bioinformatic characterization of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. 2020, bioRxiv.
44. Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Zuo W. Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-nCov. 2020, bioRxiv.
45. Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020.
46. Fernández-Atucha A, Izagirre A, Fraile-Bermúdez A, et al. Sex differences in the aging pattern of renin-angiotensin system serum peptidases. Biol Sex Differ. 2017;8:5:1-8.
47. Zapater P, Novalbos J, Gallego-Sandín S, Hernández FT, Abad-Santos F. Gender differences in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and inhibition by enalaprilat in healthy volunteers J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004;43(5):737-744.
48. Neves L, Joyner J, Stovall K, Valdes G. ACE2 and ANG-(1-7) in the rat uterus during early and late gestation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008;294:R151–R161.
49. Li Y, Zhou W, Yang L, You R. Physiological and pathological regulation of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. 2020, Pharmacological Research.
50. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395: 497–506.
Published
2020-06-01
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How to Cite
Sarvasti, D. (2020). Influence of Gender and Cardiovascular Manifestation on COVID 19. Indonesian Journal of Cardiology, 41(2), 126-32. https://doi.org/10.30701/ijc.1004
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Review Article
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