Penyakit Jantung Koroner pada “Chronic Kidney Disease”
Abstract
Pada populasi normal, proses aterosklerosis terjadi selama puluhan tahun. Tetapi pada pasen-pasen usia muda dengan gagal ginjal kronik (Chronic Kidney Disease, CKD), telah ditemukan kelainan vaskular sebelum terjadi penyakit ginjal stadium lanjut (end stage renal disease, ESRD).Komplikasi kardiovaskular ini kemudian menjadi penyebab kematian utama pada pasen CKD. Maka timbullah pertanyaan: apakah pasien uremi mengalami percepatan aterosklerosis?Penelitian epidemiologi klinik melaporkan angka mortalitas penyakit kardiovaskular meningkat 20 kali lebih banyak pada pasen dialisis, dibanding populasi normal; karena keterlibatan faktor risiko tradisional (Framingham Risk Factors) dan faktor risiko terkait uremia.
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References
Levey AS, Eknoyan G. Cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999;14;828-833.
Herzog CA, Ma JZ, Collins AJ: Poor long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction among patients on long-term dialysis. N Engl J Med 1998;339:799-805,
Locatelli F, Covic A, Chazot C, Leunissen K, Luno J, Yoqoob M. Hypertension and cardiovascular risk assessment in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 1058 – 1068.
Ross R. Atherosclerosis – An Inflammatory Disease. N Engl J Med 340:115, 1999.
Libby P. The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. In Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 15th edition Editor: Eugene Braunwald et al. McGraw-Hill: New York. 2001;1414-1429.
Schwarz U, Buzello M, Ritz E et al. Morphology of coronary atherosclerotic lesions in patients with end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000;15:218-223.
Block GA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Levin NW, Port FK. Association of serum phosphorus and calcium x phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients; a national study. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31:607-617.
Naghavi M, Libby P, Falk Erling, et al. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient. A call for new definition and risk assessment strategies: Part I. Circulation. 2003;108:1664-1672.
Amann K, Ritz C, Adamczak M, Ritz E. Why is coronary heart disease of ureaemic patients so frequent and so devastating? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18:631-640.
Malmberg K. Prospective randomized study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. DIGAMI (Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Study Group. BMJ 1997; 314: 1512-1515.
van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients N Engl J Med 2001;345: 1359-1367.
Rump LC, Amann K, Orth S, Ritz E. Sympathetic overactivity in renal disease: a window to understand progression and cardiovascular complication of uraemia? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15:1735-1738.
Cice G, Ferrara L, Di Benedetto A et al. Dilated cardiomyopathy in dialysis patients – beneficial effects of carvedilol: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37: 407-411.
Goodman WG, Goldin J, Kuizon BD, Yoon C, Gales B, Sider D, Wang Y, Chung J, Emerick A, Greaser L, Elashoff RM, Salusky IB. Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with ESRD who are undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1478-83.
Oh J, Wunsch R, Turzer M et al. Advanced coronary and carotid arteriopathy in young adults with childhood-onset chronic renal failure. Circulation 2002;106: 100-105.
Gradaus F, Ivens K, Peters AJ, Heering P, Schoebel FC, Grabenses B, Strauer BE. Angiographic progression of coronary artery disease in patients with end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001;16:1198-1202
Oda H, Keane WF. Lipid abnormalities in end stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13 Suppl 1:45-9
Rajman I, Harper L, McPake D, Kendall MJ, Weeler DC. Low-density lipoprotein subfraction profiles in chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13:2281-7.
Skorecki K, Green J, Brenner BM. Chronic Renal Failure. In Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 15th edition Editor: Eugene Braunwald et al. McGraw-Hill: New York. (2001) 1414-1429.
Vanholder R, Argiles A, Baurmeister U et.al. Uremic Toxicity: present state of the art. Int J Artif Organs 2001;24:695-725.
VanHolder R, De Smet R. Pathophysiologic Effects of Uremic Retention Solutes. J Am Soc Nephrol, 1999; 10: 1815-1823.
Pollak MR, Yu ASL. Clinical Disturbance of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Metabolism. Dalam Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney. Seventh edition. Editor : Barry M. Brenner. Saunders, The Curtis Center, Philadephia, 2004.
Cozzolino M, Dusso AS, Slatopolsky E. Role of Calcium-Phosphate Product and Bone-Associated Protein on Vascular Calcification in Renal Failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12: 2511-2516.
Auer J, Berent R, Eber B. Homocysteine and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. J Clin Basic Cardiol 2001; 4: 261.
Nygard O, Nordrehaug JE, Refsum H, et al. Plama Homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1997;337:230-6.
Vanholder R, Glorieux G, Lameire N and for the European Uremic Toxin Work Group (EUTox). Uraemic toxins and cardiovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18:463-466.
McMahon LP, Parfrey PS. Cardiovascular Aspects of Chronic Kidney Disease. Dalam Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney. Seventh edition. Editor : Barry M. Brenner. Saunders, The Curtis Center, Philadephia, 2004.
Elsner D. How to diagnose and treat coronary artery disease in the ureaemic patient: an update. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16:1103-1108.
Herzog CA, Ma JZ, Collins AJ: Poor long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction among patients on long-term dialysis. N Engl J Med 1998;339:799-805,
Locatelli F, Covic A, Chazot C, Leunissen K, Luno J, Yoqoob M. Hypertension and cardiovascular risk assessment in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 1058 – 1068.
Ross R. Atherosclerosis – An Inflammatory Disease. N Engl J Med 340:115, 1999.
Libby P. The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. In Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 15th edition Editor: Eugene Braunwald et al. McGraw-Hill: New York. 2001;1414-1429.
Schwarz U, Buzello M, Ritz E et al. Morphology of coronary atherosclerotic lesions in patients with end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000;15:218-223.
Block GA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Levin NW, Port FK. Association of serum phosphorus and calcium x phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients; a national study. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31:607-617.
Naghavi M, Libby P, Falk Erling, et al. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient. A call for new definition and risk assessment strategies: Part I. Circulation. 2003;108:1664-1672.
Amann K, Ritz C, Adamczak M, Ritz E. Why is coronary heart disease of ureaemic patients so frequent and so devastating? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18:631-640.
Malmberg K. Prospective randomized study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. DIGAMI (Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Study Group. BMJ 1997; 314: 1512-1515.
van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients N Engl J Med 2001;345: 1359-1367.
Rump LC, Amann K, Orth S, Ritz E. Sympathetic overactivity in renal disease: a window to understand progression and cardiovascular complication of uraemia? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15:1735-1738.
Cice G, Ferrara L, Di Benedetto A et al. Dilated cardiomyopathy in dialysis patients – beneficial effects of carvedilol: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37: 407-411.
Goodman WG, Goldin J, Kuizon BD, Yoon C, Gales B, Sider D, Wang Y, Chung J, Emerick A, Greaser L, Elashoff RM, Salusky IB. Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with ESRD who are undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1478-83.
Oh J, Wunsch R, Turzer M et al. Advanced coronary and carotid arteriopathy in young adults with childhood-onset chronic renal failure. Circulation 2002;106: 100-105.
Gradaus F, Ivens K, Peters AJ, Heering P, Schoebel FC, Grabenses B, Strauer BE. Angiographic progression of coronary artery disease in patients with end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001;16:1198-1202
Oda H, Keane WF. Lipid abnormalities in end stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13 Suppl 1:45-9
Rajman I, Harper L, McPake D, Kendall MJ, Weeler DC. Low-density lipoprotein subfraction profiles in chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13:2281-7.
Skorecki K, Green J, Brenner BM. Chronic Renal Failure. In Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 15th edition Editor: Eugene Braunwald et al. McGraw-Hill: New York. (2001) 1414-1429.
Vanholder R, Argiles A, Baurmeister U et.al. Uremic Toxicity: present state of the art. Int J Artif Organs 2001;24:695-725.
VanHolder R, De Smet R. Pathophysiologic Effects of Uremic Retention Solutes. J Am Soc Nephrol, 1999; 10: 1815-1823.
Pollak MR, Yu ASL. Clinical Disturbance of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Metabolism. Dalam Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney. Seventh edition. Editor : Barry M. Brenner. Saunders, The Curtis Center, Philadephia, 2004.
Cozzolino M, Dusso AS, Slatopolsky E. Role of Calcium-Phosphate Product and Bone-Associated Protein on Vascular Calcification in Renal Failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12: 2511-2516.
Auer J, Berent R, Eber B. Homocysteine and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. J Clin Basic Cardiol 2001; 4: 261.
Nygard O, Nordrehaug JE, Refsum H, et al. Plama Homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1997;337:230-6.
Vanholder R, Glorieux G, Lameire N and for the European Uremic Toxin Work Group (EUTox). Uraemic toxins and cardiovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18:463-466.
McMahon LP, Parfrey PS. Cardiovascular Aspects of Chronic Kidney Disease. Dalam Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney. Seventh edition. Editor : Barry M. Brenner. Saunders, The Curtis Center, Philadephia, 2004.
Elsner D. How to diagnose and treat coronary artery disease in the ureaemic patient: an update. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16:1103-1108.
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How to Cite
Dewayani, R. (1). Penyakit Jantung Koroner pada “Chronic Kidney Disease”. Indonesian Journal of Cardiology, 28(5), 387-395. https://doi.org/10.30701/ijc.v28i5.225
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