Women Make the Difference in Heart Disease
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease develops 10 to15 years later in women than in men and is the major cause of death in women older than 65 years of age. The risk of heart disease in women however is still underestimated and many women are not aware of their own risk factors.In a recent report from the European Heart Survey on stable angina pectoris it was found that women are less likely to be referred for functional testing for ischemia, with a lower rate of diagnostic angiograms and interventional procedures.
The under-recognition of heart disease and differences in clinical presentation in women lead to less aggressive treatment strategies and a lower representation of women in clinical trials. In the current review we summarize the major issues that are important in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) in women.
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References
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Wenger NK. Coronary heart disease: an older women’s major health risk. BMJ 1997; 5:1085-1090.
Hochman JS, Tamis, JE, Thompson TD, et al. Sex, clinical presentation, and outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:226-232.
Vaccarino V, Parsons L, Every NR, Barron HV, Krumholz HM. Sex-based differences in early mortality after myocardial infarction. National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 Participants. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:217-225.
Prescott E, Hippe M, Schnohr P, Hein HO, Vestbo J. Smoking and risk of myocardial infarction in women and men: longitudinal population study. BMJ 1998; 316:1043-1047.
Ossewaarde ME, Bots ML, Verbeek AL et al. Age at menopause, cause-specific mortality and total life expectancy. Epidemiology 2005; 16:556-62.
Bairey Merz CN, Johnson BD, Sharaf BL et al. Hypoestrogenemia of hypothalamic origin and coronary artery disease in premenopausal women: a report from the NHLBI-sponsored WISE study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41:413-419.
Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH.The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1801-1811.
Burke AP, Farb A, Malcom G, Virmani R. Effect of menopause on plaque morphologic characteristics in coronary atherosclerosis. Am Heart J 2001; 141:S58-62.
Njolstad I, Arnesen E, Lund-Larsen PG. Smoking, serum lipids, blood pressure, and sex differences in myocardial infarction. A 12-year follow-up of the Finnmark Study. Circulation 1996; 93:450-456.
Kip KE, Marroquin OC, Kelley DE et al. Clinical importance of obesity versus the metabolic syndrome in cardiovascular risk in women. Circulation 2004; 109:706-713.
Setji TL, Brown AJ. Polycystic ovary syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 2007; 120:128-132.
Wenger NK. Coronary heart disease: an older women’s major health risk. BMJ 1997; 5:1085-1090.
Hochman JS, Tamis, JE, Thompson TD, et al. Sex, clinical presentation, and outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:226-232.
Vaccarino V, Parsons L, Every NR, Barron HV, Krumholz HM. Sex-based differences in early mortality after myocardial infarction. National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 Participants. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:217-225.
Prescott E, Hippe M, Schnohr P, Hein HO, Vestbo J. Smoking and risk of myocardial infarction in women and men: longitudinal population study. BMJ 1998; 316:1043-1047.
Ossewaarde ME, Bots ML, Verbeek AL et al. Age at menopause, cause-specific mortality and total life expectancy. Epidemiology 2005; 16:556-62.
Bairey Merz CN, Johnson BD, Sharaf BL et al. Hypoestrogenemia of hypothalamic origin and coronary artery disease in premenopausal women: a report from the NHLBI-sponsored WISE study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41:413-419.
Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH.The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1801-1811.
Burke AP, Farb A, Malcom G, Virmani R. Effect of menopause on plaque morphologic characteristics in coronary atherosclerosis. Am Heart J 2001; 141:S58-62.
Njolstad I, Arnesen E, Lund-Larsen PG. Smoking, serum lipids, blood pressure, and sex differences in myocardial infarction. A 12-year follow-up of the Finnmark Study. Circulation 1996; 93:450-456.
Kip KE, Marroquin OC, Kelley DE et al. Clinical importance of obesity versus the metabolic syndrome in cardiovascular risk in women. Circulation 2004; 109:706-713.
Setji TL, Brown AJ. Polycystic ovary syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 2007; 120:128-132.
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How to Cite
Maas, A., & Suryapranata, H. (1). Women Make the Difference in Heart Disease. Indonesian Journal of Cardiology, 28(3), 224-228. https://doi.org/10.30701/ijc.v28i3.246
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